在《名词解释》的这一部分，你可能会惊奇地发现有很多词语其实并没有在本书中出现过。我把这些专业名词添加进来，是考虑到一些读者在语言病理学方面的知识可能还比较匮乏。这些额外添加的专业名词，常常会出现在口吃问题的相关书籍当中；而对于这些专业名词的准确意思，很多读者可能并不大了解。通过阅读本文，这部分读者可以学习到更多的有关于口吃的知识。

为了方便各位读者进一步的查阅相关外文资料，并且最大限度的减少出错率。在名词解释这一部分，我采取了同时列出“原文解释”和“相应中文翻译”的方式，方便大家进行对照查阅。如果你在阅读的过程中，发现我的翻译有任何错误的地方，也欢迎你给我指正出来，谢谢了！

这份《名词解释》是按照相应英文术语的字母顺序排列和组织的。

在名词的具体解释当中，黑体加粗的词语表示该名词本身也是一个专业名词，在本文中你可以找到它的具体解释。

A字头部分：

  • Accent. The components of increased stress, loudness, or emphasis placed on certain syllables in a word, or group of words. Accent may also be related to linguistic stress and “dialect.” (See prosody.)
    重音（Accent）：指的是在某个单词或词组当中，一个特定音节相对明显，由于强度的加大，音调、声调的改变或调整而形成。 重音同时也与语言学上的强调和“方言”有关。（参见 韵律学）
  • Acceptance approach. Based on the hypothesis that although stutterers may not have a choice as to whether or not they stutter, they do have a choice as to how they stutter. Accordingly, stuttering can be fully accepted, since it is possible to stutter in a variety of ways, including fluent stuttering.
    可接受方式（Acceptance approach）：这种说法基于这样一个假设：也许口吃者不能够选择自己是否口吃，但却能够选择怎样去口吃。按照这种说法，口吃行为是可以变得完全能够被人所接受的。因为既然口吃者可以改变自己的口吃方式，那么他就能够以各种各样的方式进行口吃，当然其中也包括流畅地口吃。
  • Accessory behaviors (secondary behaviors or symptoms). The abnormal actions and behaviors exhibited by the stutterer in attempting to avoid and/or escape from the core behaviors of stuttering. Avoidance behaviors include such things as pausing, postponing, using gestural timing devices or verbal starters, and trying to disguise the stuttering. Escape behaviors used to interrupt the stuttering and gain release from moments of stuttering include movements such as eye blinks, arm swinging, grimaces, head and jaw jerks, finger snapping, throat clearing and hand/finger tapping, etc.
    附加行为（第二行为或第二症状）【accessory behaviors (secondary behaviors or symptoms)】：这指的是口吃者为了避免或摆脱口吃的核心行为，所展现出的不正常的动作和行为。通常包括了“逃避行为（Avoidance behaviors）”和“摆脱行为（Escape behaviors）”。“逃避行为”包括了下面一类事情：说话停顿，使用延迟技巧，用打手势等其他身体动作来控制说话的节奏，使用启动词，以及试图去掩盖口吃。“摆脱行为”被口吃者用来打断正在进行中的口吃，从而使自己从中获得解脱。这包括这样一些行为：眨眼，挥舞手臂，做鬼脸，头部和下巴抽搐，咬手指，清喉咙，打响指，跺脚，等等。
  • Acquired stuttering. Neurogenic-Acquired Stuttering: As differentiated from “developmental stuttering,” this refers to the stuttering-like behaviors in children, adolescents or adults following damage to the central nervous system (CNS) in persons who have no prior history of stuttering. The onset of neurogenic (acquired) stuttering is usually sudden. Causes include head trauma, stroke, anoxia, tumor and drug use. Often co-occurs with features found in aphasia, and dysarthria.
    获得性口吃（Acquired stuttering）：

    • 神经性获得性口吃（Neurogenic-Acquired Stuttering）：与“发展性口吃（developmental stuttering）”不同，这指的是一些原来没有口吃历史的儿童、青少年或成人，在自身的中枢神经系统（CNS）遭受到伤害后，所表现出的一种类似于口吃的行为。神经性（获得性）口吃的发作通常是十分突然的。致病原因通常包括：脑外伤，中风，缺氧症，肿瘤和麻醉品滥用。其常常会伴随发生一些类似于失语症和构音障碍的症状。
    • Psychogenic-Acquired stuttering: As differentiated from “developmental stuttering,” this has been used to refers to stuttering acquired during adulthood which is at least partially a post-stress response to chronic or acute psycholog¬ical disturbances in persons who have no prior history of stuttering. It has also been used to refer to document cases of stuttering associated with a conversion reaction. The onset of psychogenic (acquired) stuttering is usually sudden, and related to significant events associated with extreme psychological stress.
      精神性获得性口吃（Psychogenic-Acquired stuttering）：与“发展性口吃”相不同，这通常指的是一个原先没有口吃历史的人，在他的成年时期，因为某种慢性的或急性的心理障碍而获得的口吃，这种口吃至少部分上是这种心理障碍的过后压力反应。在书面文献中，这个名词同样也被用于指代一类与转化型反应（conversion reaction）相关联的口吃病例。这种精神性（获得性）口吃的发作通常是十分突然的，并且与给患者带来巨大心理压力的重大事件相关联。
  • Adaptation effect. A temporary reduction in the frequency and/or severity of stuttering behaviors resulting from repeated oral readings of the same or highly similar verbal material. Adaptation is sometimes measured in terms of the observed frequency of stuttering during successive readings of the same passage. In addition to a reduction in the frequency of stuttering there is often a concomitant reduction in associated effort (tension-struggle) and duration of moments of stuttering.
    适应效应（Adaptation effect）：这指的是这样一种现象：为口吃者提供同样的或高度相似的一组文字材料，让他进行反复的朗读，在朗读的过程中，其口吃的频率和严重程度会暂时性地减轻。有时，我们有时可以通过让口吃者连续地朗读同样一段文字，观测其口吃频率的变化，进而来测量这种适应作用。这种适应作用除了会有口吃频率减少的现象外，通常还会伴随着相应的身体用力反应（紧张－挣扎）的减轻，和口吃持续时间的缩短。
  • Adjacency effect. During repeated oral readings of the same material, when the previously stuttered words have been omitted from the passage, there is a tendency for stuttering to occur on words that are adjacent to where stuttering previously occurred during the earlier readings.
    邻接效应（adjacency effect）：这指的是这样一种现象：先让口吃者反复地朗读同样一段口头材料，在这个过程中，把他先前发生过口吃的词语从这段文章中删去后，再让其重新朗读，口吃者会存在一种趋势，在原先这些口吃词语的附近区域再次发生口吃。
  • Advertising. Clinical programs that emphasize helping the stutterer learn to cope with stuttering and become desensitized to stuttering ask the client to advertise his stuttering by doing a lot of voluntary stuttering in public.
    暴露（advertising）：这指的是一些口吃的临床治疗方案，其主要着重于帮助口吃者学会应付自己的口吃问题，并使其变得对口吃问题不要过分敏感。为了达到这一目的，在这些治疗方案中，会要求口吃者在公众场合中进行大量的故意口吃，来暴露自己的口吃问题。
  • Affective reactions. Affective reactions are the feelings and emotions that the stutterer experiences during the time period before, during, and after the moment of stuttering. Affective reactions also appear to be related to feelings of denial and/or avoidance. Prior to stuttering the person may experience anticipation and apprehension ranging from minimal awareness up to devastating fear and panic; during the moment of stuttering there may be a sense of detachment and confusion or “mental blankness” and a lack of “contact with the self.” Following release from the moment of stuttering there may be feelings of shame, guilt, embarrassment and feelings of anxiety over the fact that stuttering may occur again.
    情感反应（affective reactions）：情感反应，指的是口吃者在口吃前，口吃中和口吃后这些时间段中，他所体验到的感觉和产生的情感。情感反应，同时也表现出是与口吃者心中的否认或逃避感觉相关联的。在口吃发生前，他可能会对此有所预感，而这种预感会从微小的感知逐渐蔓延为毁灭性的恐惧和惊慌；当口吃发生的时候，口吃者可能会有一种身心被撕裂、混乱或“大脑一片空白”的感觉，并会感到“自己对身体失去了控制”。当自身从口吃中解脱出来后，他可能会感到羞愧，内疚，困窘，同时因为口吃还有可能再次发生，他还会感到焦虑。
  • Airflow management. A clinical approach wherein the stutterer attempts to integrate a long, relaxed, passive sigh with the slow initiation of the first syllable of a word in order to maintain air flow by reducing tension and pressure within the vocal track.
    气流控制技巧（airflow management）：这指的是一种口吃临床矫正技巧。这种技巧提倡口吃者在缓慢地发出词语的第一个音的同时，还要长长地，放松地轻轻叹一口气，以减轻声道中的紧张和压力，从而保证气流的连续。
  • Anticipatory behaviors. Those behaviors in which the stutterer engages in an attempt to avoid, disguise or otherwise prevent stuttering.
    预先行为（anticipatory behaviors）：这指的是口吃者采取的逃避，掩盖或其他预防口吃的行为。
  • Anticipatory emotions. Those anticipatory feelings, emotions or attitudinal reactions that result from the stutterer’s dread of feared sounds, words, situations or interpersonal relationships.
    预先情绪（anticipatory emotions）：指的是那些由口吃者所担心或害怕的语音，词语，对话环境或人际关系等因素，所引发的预先的感觉、情绪或态度反应。
  • Anticipatory struggle. The anticipatory-struggle hypothesis, which permits a wide array of etiological possibilities, suggests that stuttering involves both the prior anticipation and expectation that speech is a difficult task to perform, as well as the tensions, fragmentations and struggle (effort) associated with attempts to gain release from the moment of stuttering itself.
    预先性挣扎（anticipatory struggle）：预先性挣扎假说；这种假说提出了大量的病源学上的可能性。它认为口吃行为包括了两部分：一是在口吃发生前所产生的，认为“语言表达是一件难以完成的困难任务”的预感和期望；另一部分是由于口吃者努力地试图想要从正在进行的口吃中摆脱出来，从而产生的紧张感、崩溃感和挣扎（努力）。
  • Aphasia. The partial or complete loss of the receptive and/or expressive use of language as a result of damage to the central nervous system. Persons suffering from expressive aphasia (e.g., nonfluent aphasia) frequently have problems maintaining speech fluency, but this is considered a fluency disorder which is different from stuttering. These patients frequently experi¬ence word finding and word retrieval problems and often compensate for this difficulty with word substitutions and circumlocutions.
    失语症（Aphasia）：这指的是由于自身的中枢神经系统遭受到了损坏，患者部分地或完全地丧失了接受或表达语言的能力。虽然患有“表达性失语症”（例如，不流畅失语症）的患者常常不能够保持流畅的语言表达。但是在临床上，我们将这种现象看作是一种与口吃不同的语言流畅失调症。这些病人通常会在词语的寻找和更正上出现问题，并且常常使用替代技巧和委婉表述来进行补偿。
  • Approach-avoidance conflict. This term describes the conflict which the stutterer experiences as he approaches a feared word or situation. His desire for avoidance of verbal difficulty struggles for mastery against his desire for speaking, and the conflict may be expressed overtly in stuttering behaviors that interfere with speaking. The stutterer is caught in a conflict where he wants to talk and communicate but wants to avoid stuttering: at the same time, he wants to not stutter, but not abandon communication.
    “前进或逃避”式冲突（Approach-avoidance conflict）：这个名词描述了当口吃者迫近某个自己所恐惧的词语或对话环境时，他所体验的内心冲突。此时，他的心中会有两个强烈的愿望：一个是“逃避”即将到来的语言困境，另一个是继续“前进”，把话说完。这两个愿望会为了取得整个人的控制权而发生强烈地冲突。这种内心冲突可以通过干扰语言表达的口吃行为而公开地表现出来。口吃者会深陷于这种内心冲突之中，一方面他想要进行谈话和交流，但另一方面他又想要逃避口吃——在同一时刻，他想要不口吃，但又不想放弃正在进行的语言交流。
  • Approximation. As used in operant conditioning and learning, the reward or positive reinforcement given to productions that come progressively or succes¬sively closer and closer to the desired target. In stuttering, this is used to refer to deliberate attempts on the part of the stutterer to speak in a manner that comes successively closer and closer to the desired target.
    循序渐进（Approximation）：这个词语通常被用在动态的变化或学习过程之中，指的是那些使得事物运动或变化越来越接近于既定目标的正面反馈或正性加强。在口吃领域中，这指的是口吃者有意识地使自己的语言表达方式逐渐接近于所期望的方式。
  • Articulation. Literally, a joining: in speech, the utterance of the individual sounds of speech in connected discourse; the movements during speech of the organs that modify the stream of voiced and unvoiced breath in meaningful sounds: The speech function performed largely through movements of the mandible, lips, tongue and soft palate.
    口头表达（articulation）：从英语原文的字面上来讲，这指的是一种“连接方式”：在语言表达中，指的是把一个个独立的语音通过用连续表述的方式而从口中表达出来；指的是一系列发音器官的运动过程，这些运动把一连串有声和无声的呼吸气流塑造成了有明确意思的语音——人类的语言表达，在很大程度上都是通过下颚、嘴唇、舌头和软腭的运动而完成的。
  • Auditory feedback. As related to the self-monitoring of one’s own speech through self-hearing. (See feedback, delayed auditory feedback.)
    听觉反馈（auditory feedback）：这指的是人类通过自我听觉来感知自己的语言表达，进而对语言表达进行的自我监测。（请参见 反馈，延迟听觉反馈）。
  • Avoidance behaviors. Actions or patterns of behavior which the stutterer uses in trying to avoid difficulty. These include abnormal variations employed such as postponements, word substitutions, circumlocutions, vocalized or nonvocalized pauses, or the complete refusal to speak. Such maneuvers usually tend to increase any fear of difficulty the stutterer may have. Unlike the escape behaviors that occur during the moment of stuttering itself in an attempt to permit release, avoidance behaviors occur prior to the moment of stuttering in an attempt to totally prevent its occurrence.
    逃避行为（avoidance behaviors）：这指的是那些口吃者用来试图逃避口吃的行为反应或行为方式。这类反常行为的目的是单一的——逃避预感中的口吃——但具体形式多种多样，变化无常，主要包括：拖延技巧，词语替代，委婉表述，有声或无声的停顿，或是完全地拒绝开口说话。这一类型的“花招”常常会加深口吃者可能具有的口吃恐惧感。与“摆脱行为”所不同——摆脱行为产生于口吃进行过程中，目的是从中解脱出来——逃避行为产生于口吃发生之前，目的是完全地预防口吃的发生。

欢迎你将本文推荐给其它口吃者！
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