在《名词解释》的这一部分,你可能会惊奇地发现有很多词语其实并没有在本书中出现过。我把这些专业名词添加进来,是考虑到一些读者在语言病理学方面的知识可能还比较匮乏。这些额外添加的专业名词,常常会出现在口吃问题的相关书籍当中;而对于这些专业名词的准确意思,很多读者可能并不大了解。通过阅读本文,这部分读者可以学习到更多的有关于口吃的知识。

为了方便各位读者进一步的查阅相关外文资料,并且最大限度的减少出错率。在名词解释这一部分,我采取了同时列出“原文解释”和“相应中文翻译”的方式,方便大家进行对照查阅。如果你在阅读的过程中,发现我的翻译有任何错误的地方,也欢迎你给我指正出来,谢谢了!

这份《名词解释》是按照相应英文术语的字母顺序排列和组织的。

在名词的具体解释当中,黑体加粗的词语表示该名词本身也是一个专业名词,在本文中你可以找到它的具体解释。

B字头部分:

  • Behavior modification. A general term for any of a variety of clinical proce¬dures based on learning theory and conditioning principles. Such procedures are used both to modify the disruptive negative emotional responses of the stutterer to words and situations, and to reduce the maladaptive avoidance and escape behaviors that confirmed stutterers tend to display.
    行为修正(Behavior modification):一个常用术语,用于指代任何一类基于学习理论条件作用原理的临床治疗技巧。这些治疗技巧的目的主要有两个,一个是消除口吃者对于词语和对话环境所具有的破坏性负面情绪反应,另一个是改变口吃者所表现出的有害的逃避行为摆脱行为
  • Between-word disfluencies. Listeners make perceptual judgments of disfiuency and stuttering, and sometimes it is helpful to determine whether disfluencies occur within words or between words. Within word disfluencies such as sound or syllable repetitions, prolongations, disrhythmic phonations and tense pauses are more apt to be considered “stuttered” and represent a greater danger sign than disfluencies that occur in between words such as interjections, revisions, phrase repetitions and multisyllabic whole-word repetitions.
    词语间的不流畅(Between-word disfluencies):一般来讲,听众能够感觉到和判断出说话者语言中的不流畅和口吃。有时,确定出这种“不流畅”到底是发生在“单个词语之中”的,还是发生在“两个词语之间”的,这样做是有帮助的。将单个词语中的不流畅(例如:语音或音节的重复拖长不合节拍的发声紧张性停顿),与发生在两个词语之间的不流畅(例如:插入感叹词,修改前话,短语的重复或多音节词的完全重复)相比较,我们会认为前者更加倾向于“口吃”,同时前者也是一个更加危险的信号。
  • Biofeedback. The measurement of physical activity and the display of this activity to the user in real-time so that the person can develop awareness and control of the activity. Some clinical programs make use of biofeedback to help the stutterer modify the activities needed for fluent speech production: e.g., respiration, phonation and articulation.
    生理反馈(Biofeedback):当人体的一个生理运动发生后,该生理运动的状态和结果会实时地展现给运动者本身。这样的话,这个人就可以逐渐加强对这个生理运动的了解和控制。一些临床治疗方法利用生理反馈来帮助口吃者修正那些进行流畅语言表达所必需的生理运动——比如:呼吸、发音和说话。
  • Blending. A technique in which the stutterer gradually shifts from one part of the sound or syllable into the next.
    含混(Blending):一种口吃者从某个音或音节中的一个部分逐渐过渡到下一个部分的技巧。
  • Block. One of several types of stuttering in which the fixation (closure) is total. The flow of speech is obstructed completely at any one, or several locations: larynx, lips, tongue, etc. The abnormality is perceived by the listener through visual awareness that the person is attempting to speak, even though little or no sound is heard. Some people use this term to refer to any type of stuttering moment. (See tonic block: clonic block.)
    卡壳(Block):这指的是口吃者的僵硬(封闭)状态达到了极至的各种口吃状态中的一种。在这种状态下,用于语言表达的气流被喉咙、嘴唇、舌头等器官中的一个或几个完全地阻塞了。听众可以用视觉感知到这种不正常的状态:他们可以看见口吃者试图去说话,但却只能听到微少的声音,或完全听不到声音。一些人用这个名词去指代口吃过程中的任意一种状态。【参见 紧张性卡壳(痉挛性卡壳)
  • Bounce. A stuttering pattern in which there are voluntary repetitions, usually of the first syllable of the word, as in “base-base-base-ball.”
    反跳(Bounce):
    这指的是口吃中的不断的自动重复,通常出现在某个词开头的第一个音节,就像是“垒-垒-垒-球”。

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