在《名词解释》的这一部分，你可能会惊奇地发现有很多词语其实并没有在本书中出现过。我把这些专业名词添加进来，是考虑到一些读者在语言病理学方面的知识可能还比较匮乏。这些额外添加的专业名词，常常会出现在口吃问题的相关书籍当中；而对于这些专业名词的准确意思，很多读者可能并不大了解。通过阅读本文，这部分读者可以学习到更多的有关于口吃的知识。
为了方便各位读者进一步的查阅相关外文资料，并且最大限度的减少出错率。在名词解释这一部分，我采取了同时列出“原文解释”和“相应中文翻译”的方式，方便大家进行对照查阅。如果你在阅读的过程中，发现我的翻译有任何错误的地方，也欢迎你给我指正出来，谢谢了！
这份《名词解释》是按照相应英文术语的字母顺序排列和组织的。
在名词的具体解释当中，黑体加粗的词语表示该名词本身也是一个专业名词，在本文中你可以找到它的具体解释。
C字头部分：
- Cancellation. The technique used in therapy of responding to the occurrence of a moment of stuttering by a deliberate pause followed by a second attempt on the word in which a different and more fluent form of stuttering is used. This consists of coming to a complete halt after the stuttered word has been finally uttered, pausing a moment and then attempting to say the word again with less struggle and avoidance. This does not imply that on the second trial the stut¬terer is to be fluent; rather, he should attempt a modified and easier form of stuttering. This procedure is called post-block correction by some clinicians.
撤消技巧（Cancellation）：这是一种口吃矫正技巧，指的是当口吃者在某个词上口吃后，要有意识地停顿下来，然后再用一种不同的，但更加流畅的口吃方式把这个词语表达一次。整个技巧的实施过程是这样的：口吃者先要把发生口吃的这个词语完整地说完，然后把话停下来，停顿片刻，接着再尝试第二次把这个词语说出，但这一次不要那么地用力挣扎，也尽量不要有逃避行为。这并不意味着进行第二次表达的时候，口吃者就应该很流畅地把这个词语说出来；事实上，他更应该做的是尝试以一种修正过的，更加放松的“口吃方式”来说出这个词语。有的临床矫正师也将这项矫正技巧称为“口吃后的矫正技巧”。 - Carryover. Procedures designed to assist the stutterer in transferring and maintaining newly learned speech therapy techniques to everyday situations.
后续治疗（Carryover）：这指的是旨在帮助口吃者将新学到的语言治疗技巧移植到日常生活中，并一直保持下去的治疗方法。 - Classical conditioning. A form of conditioning in which a previously neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. In time, the neutral stimulus becomes conditioned, and elicits a conditioned response which is similar to the unconditioned response originally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. (Synonyms: Pavlovian conditioning, respondent conditioning, reflex conditioning.) (See Conditioned stimulus.)
经典性条件反射（Classical conditioning）：条件反射的一种。在这种条件反射中，一种原本属于中性的刺激与一种“非条件性刺激”相联系起来，从而引发了一种条件反应；该条件反应与“非条件性刺激”所原本能够引发的“非条件性反应”是相类似的。（同义词：巴甫洛夫条件反射作用，应答性条件反射，反映性反射）（参见 条件性刺激） - Clinician, (speech-language). See speech-language pathologist.
临床治疗师（语音语言）【clinician, (speech-language)】：参见 语音语言病理学家。 - Cluttering. A disorder of both speech and language processing that frequently results in rapid, disrhythmic, sporadic, unorganized, and often unintelligible speech. Additional problems include repetition of sounds, syllables, words and phrases, false starts and revisions, sequencing errors, word retrieval problems, run-on sentences and the excessively fast and irregular production of syllables. Persons who clutter usually have great difficulty with self-monitoring.
语言混乱症（Cluttering）：这是一种“语言表达”和“语言处理”过程的双料失调症。其通常会导致一种快速的，节奏混乱的，破碎的，毫无条理的，通常也是莫名其妙的语言表达。其他症状还包括：语音、音节、词语和短语的重复，错误的词语开头和修正，语言先后顺序的错误，词汇获得困难，前后文的不连贯和极端快速和不规则地发出一些音节。患有语言混乱症的人通常在自我察觉上有很大的困难。 - Conditioned response. After the repeated paring of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus, and elicits a conditioned response.
条件反应（conditioned response）：在反复地把一种“中性刺激”和一种“非条件性刺激”联系起来后，这种“中性刺激”就变成了一种“条件性刺激”，并引发出一种“条件反应”。 - Conditioned stimulus. A previously neutral stimulus, after contiguous pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, takes on properties similar to the original uncon¬ditioned stimulus and has the ability to elicit a conditioned response that is similar to the original unconditioned response.
条件性刺激（conditioned stimulus）：一种先前的“中性刺激”，在持续地与一种“非条件性刺激”相联系在一起后，会呈现出与这种原始的“非条件性刺激”相类似的特性，从而变成了“条件性刺激”。这种“条件性刺激”可以引发出一种与原来这种“非条件反应”相类似的“条件反应”。 - Conditioning. The process of acquiring, establishing, learning, modifying, or extinguishing behavioral and/or emotional responses. Forms of conditioning include: classical (Pavlovian, respondent, reflex) conditioning; counter conditioning; operant (Skinnerian, instrumental) conditioning; vicarious conditioning; deconditioning. When a response that formerly occurred only rarely or not at all is “conditioned” to occur more frequently, learning is assumed to have taken place, provided that the change is relatively long last¬ing. Conditioning may occur by chance, or by conscious manipulation of antecedent stimuli and/or contingent consequences.
条件反射过程（conditioning）：一种获得，建立，学习，修改或消灭各种行为反应或情感反应的过程。条件反射的类型包括：经典性（巴甫洛夫式、应答性、反映性）条件反射；反向条件反射；操作性（斯金纳式，工具式）条件反射；替代性条件反射；去条件反射。当一个原先很少发生或从不发生的反应“有条件地”更加经常发生，并且这种变化持续的时间足够的长，学习机制此时就启动了。条件反射可以是在偶然中建立起来的，也可以通过故意反复强化先前的刺激或意外结果而建立起来。 - Consonant. A conventional speech sound other than a vowel, and characterized by constriction or total closure at one or more points along the vocal tract. Can be voiced or unvoiced.
辅音（Consonant）：这指的是一种与元音相对应的常规语音。辅音是通过整个声道中的一点或多点的收缩或完全封闭而产生的。辅音可以是出声的，也可以是不出声的。 - Constitutional origin. The theory that some stutterers possess, or possessed at the time of onset, a “physical or genetic difference,” or malfunctioning of the nervous system, which was sufficient to create, under stress, disruptions in the fluent flow of speech.
（口吃）根本性病因（constitutional origin）：这是一种理论；一些持有这种理论的口吃者痴迷于探寻口吃最初发作的时间，某种“生理上的或基因上的差别”，或是口吃者神经系统上缺陷……他们想弄明白究竟是什么东西，在压力下，造成了语言流畅表达的中断。 - Continuous phonation. As a means of maintaining fluency, some clinicians suggest that the stutterer maintain voicing throughout the production of the utterance. This produces an effect whereby the duration of the sounds and syllables is increased by degrees that can range from minimal to extreme. A similar effect can result from the use of Delayed Auditory Feedback.
连续发音法（continuous phonation）：为了保持语言表达的流畅，一些临床矫正师建议口吃者在发音的过程中要保持语音的连续不断。这种技巧能够帮助口吃者延长语音和音节的持续时间，延长时间的长短可以从微乎其微到非常的长。通过运用延迟听觉反馈（DAF）技术也可以达到类似的效果。 - Core behaviors (core features). Most researchers and clinicians differentiate between the core features of stuttering and the accessory (secondary) features that develop as a means of avoiding and/or escaping from the core features. Core features are generally thought to include the repetition of sounds, syllables and single-syllable words; the vocalized and nonvocalized sound prolon¬gation, and complete stoppages due to tense pauses, hard contacts and silent blocks. In the early developmental stages of stuttering these “core features” are easy, effortless and relaxed: later, however, they coexist with accessory behaviors when they are accompanied by effort, tension, and struggle.
核心行为（核心症状）【core behaviors (core features)】：绝大多数研究者和临床矫正师都把口吃区分为两个部分：一个是口吃的“核心症状”；另一个是为了逃避或摆脱核心症状而发展出的“附加（第二）症状”。核心症状通常被认为包括：语音、音节和单音节词的重复；出声或不出声的语音拖长；以及因为紧张性停顿、硬性过渡和无声性卡壳而造成的完全的语言阻塞。在口吃的早期阶段，这些“核心症状”是轻柔的，不费力的和放松的；但是，一段时间后，当口吃者对这些核心症状做出用力、紧张、挣扎等反应后，它们就与附加行为紧紧地联系了起来，并一起共生下去。 - Covert features. Unlike the overt behaviors of stuttering which can be seen and/or heard and are relatively easy to measure in terms of their frequency, intensity, duration, and type, the covert behaviors are not openly shown and less easily determined. They include such cognitive and emotional factors as fear, anxiety, negative emotion, shame, guilt and frustration, etc. These “concealed or invisible” features are often difficult to determine. (See interiorized stuttering.)
隐性症状（Covert features）：口吃行为分为“显性行为”和“隐性行为”。显性行为是外露的，能够被人听见或看见的，并且能够相对更加容易地通过频率、强度、持续时间和类型等指标来进行测量。与显性行为不同，口吃的隐性行为是不外露的，因而也更加难于确定。它们包括了认知的和情感的因素，比如恐惧，焦虑，负面情绪，羞耻感，内疚和挫折感，等等。这些“隐蔽的或不可见的”症状常常是难以确诊的。（参见 内心中的口吃）