在《名词解释》的这一部分，你可能会惊奇地发现有很多词语其实并没有在本书中出现过。我把这些专业名词添加进来，是考虑到一些读者在语言病理学方面的知识可能还比较匮乏。这些额外添加的专业名词，常常会出现在口吃问题的相关书籍当中；而对于这些专业名词的准确意思，很多读者可能并不大了解。通过阅读本文，这部分读者可以学习到更多的有关于口吃的知识。
为了方便各位读者进一步的查阅相关外文资料，并且最大限度的减少出错率。在名词解释这一部分，我采取了同时列出“原文解释”和“相应中文翻译”的方式，方便大家进行对照查阅。如果你在阅读的过程中，发现我的翻译有任何错误的地方，也欢迎你给我指正出来，谢谢了！
这份《名词解释》是按照相应英文术语的字母顺序排列和组织的。
在名词的具体解释当中，黑体加粗的词语表示该名词本身也是一个专业名词，在本文中你可以找到它的具体解释。
L字头～N字头部分：
- Labial. Pertaining to the lips; speech sounds requiring the use of the lip or lips such as “p, m, f, v.”
唇音（labial）：指的是需要闭上嘴唇或部份闭上嘴唇而发出的语音，如“p, m, f, v”。 - Larynx. The primary source of phonation resulting from vocal fold vibration; the “voice box” which houses the vocal folds. Located at the top of the trachea, below the bone or bones which support the tongue and its muscles.
喉（larynx）：指的是通过声襞振动而产生的发声行为的根源；被通俗地叫做“声音盒子”，其包裹容纳了声襞。“喉”位于气管的顶部，处于支持舌头及舌头肌肉群的骨头的下方。 - Laterality theory. Refers to the theory that a shift in handedness or confused cerebral dominance is a factor in the cause or in the maintenance of stuttering. According to this theory, the use of the non-preferred hand in written and other skilled activities contributes to a cerebral instability affecting speech control in such a way as to generate stuttering. Laterality theory refers to insuffi¬ciently established dominance of one cerebral hemisphere over another.
单侧优势理论（laterality theory）：这种理论认为：手性习惯的改变或大脑半球优势的混乱是口吃产生或持续的一个因素。根据这种理论，使用自己不习惯的那只手进行写字或其他技巧性活动会导致患者大脑的某种不稳定状态，进而这种不稳定会影响到患者对于自身语言表达的控制，从而导致口吃的产生。“单侧优势理论”认为这都是由于一侧大脑半球对另一侧大脑半球建立起了不恰当的优势或统治地位。 - Learned behavior. Any relatively permanent change in a person’s behavior resulting from his reaction to or interaction with environmental influences or from reinforced practice: an acquired neuromuscular, verbal, emotional, or other type of response to certain stimuli.
习得性行为（learned behavior）：一个人行为中的任何相对永久的改变都来自于他对周围环境影响因素的反应或交互反应，或是来自于强化性的训练：所获得的对于某种特定刺激的一种神经肌肉性的，口头表达上的，情感上的，或其他类型的反应。 - Light contact. Loose, relaxed or non-tense contacts of the lips and/or tongue on plosive sounds. Contacts of the lips and/or tongue which are optimal for the production of speech sounds as contrasted to the hard, tense contacts which are often a part of a stuttering pattern.
轻微接触（Light contact）：指的是在说话者发出爆破音时，嘴唇或舌头的轻轻的，放松的或毫无紧张感的接触。嘴唇或舌头的这种接触方式是最有利与语言表达发音的，与口吃时患者常用的那种生硬的，紧张的接触正好相反。 - Maintenance. In stuttering usually refers to the continuation of improvement as related to the effectiveness of treatment. Procedures for keeping a desired learned behavior at a high level of frequency, e.g., procedures for preventing relapse.
保持（Maintenance）：在口吃治疗中，这个词语通常指的是口吃患者延续了自己在语言治疗中所取得的进步。也指的是那些能够帮助口吃者坚持经常用修正过的方式来说话的治疗方法，比如：预防复发的方法。 - Masking. An interference with perception of a sound or pattern of sounds by simultaneously presenting another of a different frequency, intensity, quality, or pattern to one or both ears of the subject. Masking is usually presented via head phones and is used to interfere with the stutterer’s perception of his own voice. The usual effect, especially at sufficiently high levels of loudness, is increased fluency.
覆盖效应（masking）：这是干扰被试验者感知某种特定声音或声音模式的一种方法。这种干扰通过在同一时间，对他的单耳或双耳，放出另一种有着不同的频率、强度，音质或模式的声音来实现。“覆盖效应”通常是通过立体声耳机来呈现的，被用来干扰口吃者对于自身语言表达的感知。其通常的效果是，特别是在干扰声音音量非常大的情况下，能够增进口吃者语言表达的流畅。 - Modifying the stuttering pattern. Refers to the stutterer changing what he does when he stutters. Clinicians suggest that the stutterer can deliberately change his stuttering behavior and learn to stutter in an easier manner. Clinical emphasis is reducing the overall severity of the stuttering rather than replacing it with fluent speech. In so modifying his stuttering pattern he learns to change his way of speaking and develop a style of talking which is less abnormal and free of excessive tensing. A basic fact revealed by laboratory and clinical studies is that the behavior called stuttering is modifiable. (See slide, pull-out, proprioceptive monitoring, easy onset, cancellation, preparatory set.)
修正口吃的方式（Modifying the stuttering pattern）：这指的是口吃者要改变自己口吃时的所作所为。临床矫正师认为：口吃者能够控制和改变自己的口吃行为，并能够学会以一种更加轻松的方式口吃。临床上所强调的是：要全面地减轻口吃的严重程度，而不是去奢望用另一种完全流畅的语言表达来代替“口吃”。
按照这种治疗思想，口吃者要学会改变自己说话的方式，并培养出一种尽量正常的，不过分紧张的说话风格。由临床研究和实验室所揭示出的一个基本事实是：这种被称作“口吃”的行为是可以被改变的。（参见 滑动、抽离、自我监测、轻柔启动、撤消技巧，预备状态） - Monitoring. A self-observation technique in which the stutterer seeks to become highly aware of the articulatory movements of his speech, as well as other behaviors which make up his characteristic and habitual pattern of stuttering. This would include continuous self-observation of the crutches and tricks he uses in his act of stuttering.
自我监测（monitoring）：这也就是“自我观察”，口吃者要在“自我观察”中尽力了解自己说话时的所有发音动作，以及构成自己独特口吃习惯的其他行为。这要求口吃者要不断地进行自我检查，以发现自己在口吃时所借助的那些“拐杖”，以及所玩儿的那些“小花招”。 - Monotone. Voice characterized by little or no variation of pitch or loudness.
单调发音（monotone）：这指的是发音方式一成不变，在音调和强度上只有很小变化，或完全没有变化。 - Neurosis. A personality disorder generally characterized by anxiety, phobias, obsessions or compulsions which are irrational but nevertheless real to the possessor, and which are probably caused by interpersonal conflict. There is no gross personality disorganization, and there may not be any behavioral manifestations. Neurosis is a mental disorder that prevents the victim from dealing effectively with reality.
神经质（Neurosis）：这是一种病态人格；其通常的特征是焦虑、恐慌，被一些事实上毫无道理，然而对于患者却非常真实的事物所困扰或强迫。这种病态人格通常是由于人际交往的冲突所造成的。