在《名词解释》的这一部分，你可能会惊奇地发现有很多词语其实并没有在本书中出现过。我把这些专业名词添加进来，是考虑到一些读者在语言病理学方面的知识可能还比较匮乏。这些额外添加的专业名词，常常会出现在口吃问题的相关书籍当中；而对于这些专业名词的准确意思，很多读者可能并不大了解。通过阅读本文，这部分读者可以学习到更多的有关于口吃的知识。

为了方便各位读者进一步的查阅相关外文资料，并且最大限度的减少出错率。在名词解释这一部分，我采取了同时列出“原文解释”和“相应中文翻译”的方式，方便大家进行对照查阅。如果你在阅读的过程中，发现我的翻译有任何错误的地方，也欢迎你给我指正出来，谢谢了！

这份《名词解释》是按照相应英文术语的字母顺序排列和组织的。

在名词的具体解释当中，黑体加粗的词语表示该名词本身也是一个专业名词，在本文中你可以找到它的具体解释。

P字头部分（Q字头术语暂无）：

  • Pantomime. The art of conveying a thought or story by expressive bodily movements. As part of cancellation, some clinicians ask the stutterer to pantomime the moment of stuttering in order to identify its components and aid in desensitization.
    哑剧（pantomime）：这是一种通过身体动作来表达思想或讲述故事的艺术形式。作为撤消技巧的一部分，一些临床矫正师要求口吃者以哑剧的形式扮演口吃发生时的情景，以便于识别出其口吃行为的构成，并帮助口吃者进行脱敏。
  • Phobia. An excessive and objectively inappropriate degree of fear or dread. An anxiety reaction that is focused on a particular object or situation.
    恐怖症（phobia）：这指的是一种过分的，并在客观上看来是不恰当的恐惧感或恐怖感。这是一种针对某种特定事物或环境的焦虑反应。
  • Phonation. Vocalization; the act or process of producing voice; production of the voiced sounds of speech by means of vocal fold vibration.
    发声（Phonation）：发音；制造出声音的过程或动作；依靠声襞振动而产生语言表达的声音的制造过程。
  • Pitch. The listener’s perception of the highness or lowness of sounds depending on the frequency of the vocal fold vibrations.
    音调（pitch）：这指的是基于声襞振动频率，并可以被听众所感知的声音的“高”或“低”。
  • Play therapy. The use of play activities in psychotherapy or speech therapy with children, in which the child is given opportunities, within defined limits, for the free expression of socially or personally unacceptable feelings in the presence of an accepting therapist. In individual play therapy sessions the therapist may observe the child as he plays with materials (such as puppets, clay or toys) permitting him within reason to freely express emotional feelings and conflicts for purposes of catharsis or insight.
    游戏疗法（play therapy）：这是在儿童心理治疗或语言治疗中对游戏活动的一种运用；在这种疗法中，在一位称职的临床治疗师面前，小孩被给予机会在一定的范围内，自由地表达出那些被社会或他人所不接受的情感。在这种一对一的游戏治疗过程中，临床治疗师可以在小孩玩耍各种各样的物件（诸如木偶、粘土或玩具）时，观察他，并有目的地允许这个小孩为了宣泄心中的不满或内在想法，而自由地表达出自己的情感和内在。
  • Plosive. A speech sound made by impounding the air stream momentarily until pressure has been developed and then suddenly released, as in “p,b,t,d,k,g.”
    爆破音（plosive）：这指的是一种要先将口腔中的空气包裹起来，持续施压，然后再突然释放出来以发出声音的语音，诸如“p、b、t、d、k、g”。
  • Post-block correction. This is a process the stutterer goes through to correct the production of a stuttered word after he has stuttered on it. See cancellation.
    口吃后的矫正技巧（post-block correction）：这指的是当口吃者在某个词上口吃后，再一次纠正这个词的发音的技巧。（参见 撤销技巧）
  • Postponement behaviors. Any behavior or technique used to avoid stuttering by pausing, delaying or stalling the attempt to produce a feared sound or word in the hope that the fear will subside enough to allow production.
    拖延行为（postponement behaviors）：某些口吃者常常抱有“口吃恐惧感会自动逐渐消失”的幻想，并打算等这种恐惧感衰弱到一定程度再说话，以便于说的时候更加流利一点。于是在这种情况下，在说出那个特定的恐惧性语音或词语前，他们就通过停顿，延迟或完全停止说话，进而拖延时间，以逃避即将发生的口吃。拖延行为就是指的这一类行为。
  • Pre-block correction. This is a process the stutterer goes through to prepare to produce a word on which he expects to stutter. See preparatory set.
    口吃前的矫正技巧（pre-block correction）：这指的是当口吃者预感到自己将会在某个词语上发生口吃时，用来为这个词语做好发音准备的技巧。参见 预备状态。
  • Preparatory set. The anticipatory response to the conditioned stimuli of an anticipated act of stuttering. The covert rehearsal behavior of the stutterer which he uses in getting ready for the difficulty which he anticipates. This procedure is called the pre-block correction by some clinicians.
    预备状态（preparatory set）：这指的是口吃者对预感中口吃所带来的条件性刺激在头脑中所进行的预想反应；是口吃者用来使自己准备好面对预感中的口吃困难，所采取的隐性预演行为。这种技巧被一些临床矫正师称作“口吃前的矫正技巧”。
  • Primary stuttering. The label sometimes used to describe the speech of a young child when it is marked by repetitions and/or hesitations or prolongations which the observer regards as abnormal, but which do not seem to embarrass the child nor does the child seem to feel that these disfluencies constitute a difficulty or abnor¬mality. Such disfluent speech occurs during the growth and development of the child’s ability to talk and may be observed to increase when the child is under certain kinds of emotional or communicative or linguistic stress. Many clinicians protest labeling such speech as stuttering, although it may be the beginning stage of a stuttering problem.
    原始性口吃（primary stuttering）：这个词组被用来描述这样一种语言表达方式：假设某个幼儿的语言表达出现了明显的重复、踌躇或拖长语调的现象。这种说话方式虽然在旁观者看起来是不正常的，但事实上却既没有让这个孩子感到困窘，也没有让他觉得这种不流畅的语言表达有何不妥，更没有让他觉得这种行为是畸形的。发生在儿童语言表达能力形成和发展时期的这种不流畅语言表达，会在该名儿童处于某种情感的、交流的或语言的压力下时，变得逐渐加重。许多临床矫正师都反对把这种语言表达方式归类于“口吃”，虽然它可能是口吃问题的原始阶段。
  • Prolongation. As related to stuttering, the involuntary lengthening or prolonging of vocalized speech sounds (rrrrunning, aaaapple), or nonvocalized sounds (sssseven, ffffourteen). Sometimes refers to prolongation of an articulatory position, as when the person stops completely and holds his mouth in the position to say “picture.” Prolongations are frequently accom¬panied by increases in loudness and/or pitch.
    拖长（Prolongation）：当讨论口吃行为时，这指的是那种不自觉的延长或拖长语言表达中出声的语音（如：日～日出，安～安全）或不出声的语音（如：丝～丝绸，福～福气）。有时，这也指代某种发音姿势的拖长，例如：某个人完全地停顿下来，张口结舌地说“葡<停顿>萄好吃！”。“拖长”常常伴随着声音的变大或语调的提高。
    As related to therapy, the easy voluntary prolongation of sounds and syllables on feared and nonfeared words is used quite extensively to modify the stuttering pattern. (See modifying the stuttering pattern; disrhythmic phonation.)
    当讨论治疗方法时，这指的是口吃者为了修正原有口吃方式，在恐惧性词语或非恐惧性词语上所采用的放松的有意识的语音和音节的拖长。（参见 修正口吃方式；无节奏式发音）
  • 韵律学（prosody）：这指的是诗歌的韵律结构的研究。
  • Pseudo-stuttering. Deliberately faked or false stuttering produced to imitate difficultly which a stutterer might experience. Sometimes used to aid in desensitization. (See voluntary stuttering.)
    假冒口吃（pseudo-stuttering）：这指的是为了模仿口吃者可能发生的口吃行为，而故意进行的假装性的或欺诈性的口吃。有时被用于口吃的脱敏。（参见 故意口吃）
  • Psychotherapy. The treatment of behavioral or emotional problems, such as stuttering, by counseling, or by reeducating and influencing the person’s mental approaches and his ways of thinking, or of evaluating his problems; any procedures intended to improve the condition of a person that are directed at a change in his mental approach to his problems; particularly his attitudes toward himself and his environment.
    精神疗法（psychotherapy）：这指的是通过咨询活动，或通过对患者的精神活动、思维方式、或对自身问题的看法进行影响和再教育，从而医治患者行为上的或情感上的问题（如口吃）的一种治疗方法；任何一种着眼于通过改变患者对于自身问题的思维方式，从而改善其健康状况的治疗方法都可以看作是精神疗法；特别是那些着眼于改变患者对于自身和自身周围环境的态度的治疗方法。
  • Pull-out. Based on the hypothesis that it is possible for a stutterer to pull out of difficulty during a moment of stuttering, this term refers to a voluntarily controlled, gradual, release from the stuttering moment. In pulling out of blocks, the stutterer does not let the original blocking run its course. Instead he makes a deliberate attempt to modify it before the release occurs and before the word is spoken. This procedure is called in-block correction by some clinicians.
    抽离（pull-out）：这个说法基于一个假设，该假设认为口吃者是可以从正在发生的口吃过程中摆脱出来的；这个词语指的是口吃者在自主控制之下，逐渐地从口吃过程中摆脱出来的一种行为方式。在从“说话卡壳”的困境中抽离出来的过程中，口吃者尽力不让刚刚萌芽的“语言阻塞”沿着其原有的轨道发展下去。反而，在完全获得解脱前，在说完这个词语前，口吃者要有意识地去尽力修正口吃的过程。一些临床矫正师把这种技巧称之为“口吃中的矫正技巧”。

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