在《名词解释》的这一部分,你可能会惊奇地发现有很多词语其实并没有在本书中出现过。我把这些专业名词添加进来,是考虑到一些读者在语言病理学方面的知识可能还比较匮乏。这些额外添加的专业名词,常常会出现在口吃问题的相关书籍当中;而对于这些专业名词的准确意思,很多读者可能并不大了解。通过阅读本文,这部分读者可以学习到更多的有关于口吃的知识。
为了方便各位读者进一步的查阅相关外文资料,并且最大限度的减少出错率。在名词解释这一部分,我采取了同时列出“原文解释”和“相应中文翻译”的方式,方便大家进行对照查阅。如果你在阅读的过程中,发现我的翻译有任何错误的地方,也欢迎你给我指正出来,谢谢了!
这份《名词解释》是按照相应英文术语的字母顺序排列和组织的。
在名词的具体解释当中,黑体加粗的词语表示该名词本身也是一个专业名词,在本文中你可以找到它的具体解释。
R字头部分:
- Rate control. A technique with which the stutterer attempts to speak slowly and deliberately, often with each syllable given equal or nearly equal stress. The extent to which rate control is used to “facilitate fluency” or “repress stuttering” is highly controversial.
语速控制(Rate control):这指的是口吃者用来保持自己说话尽量缓慢而专注的一种技巧。在这种情况下,口吃者通常会用相同的或几乎相同的力度来说出每一个词语。而使用这种语速控制技巧究竟是会“促进语言的流畅”,还是会“加重原有的口吃”?这个问题在医学界中依然充满了争议。 - Regression. As related to relapse, having more speech difficulty usually as a result of reverting back to an earlier faulty method of talking.
衰退(Regression):当讨论口吃的复发时,这指的是通常由于患者回归到了某种错误的早期说话方式,从而造成了自己的口吃变得更加厉害。 - Relapse. Pertaining to regression. See this term.
复发(relapse):意思与衰退相同。参见该名词解释。 - Repetition. The repeating of a sound, syllable, word or phrase. Some clini¬cians differentiate between repetitions which are vocalized (1-1-lit) and nonvocalized (f-f-fit), and whether the syllable is correctly co-articulated (base-base-baseball) or contains the schwa vowel (buh-buh- baseball). Word repetitions may be of single syllable whole words (he-he-he has it) or words of more than one syllable (“David-David-David has it.”)
重复(Repetition):这指的是对于某个音、音节、词语或短语的重复发出。一些临床矫正师将出声词语的重复【1-1-li hua(梨花)】和不出声词语的重复【f-f-fei xiang(飞翔)】区别对待,同时也区别对待重复的音节是否是正确的连续发出的(base-base-baseball),或是包含非中央元音的(buh-buh-baseball)。词语的重复可以是单音节词语的重复(他-他-他有这个!),也可以是多音节词语的重复(李四-李四-李四有这个!) - Residual air. Generally referred to as the amount of air remaining in the lungs following exhalation.
残余空气(residual air):通常情况下指的是在人呼出气后,依然保留在肺部中的那部分空气。 - Rhythm. The overall melody, cadence and flow of speech, as influenced by such factors as syllable, stress and rate of articulation.
节奏(Rhythm):这指的是口头发出的悦耳的音调,或是语言表达的抑扬顿挫和流动。节奏会被音节,发音的力度和速度等因素所影响。 - Rhythm method. Attempts to help the stutterer speak fluently by altering the rhythm of speech through such means as singing or speaking in singsong manner, speaking in time with a regularly recurring rhythm such as to the best of a metronome, or timing the speech and syllable gestures to an arm swing.
节奏控制技巧(rhythm method):这指的是口吃者为了更加流畅地说话,从而利用各种方法来改变自己说话的节奏。这包括:用某种类似唱歌或朗诵的腔调说话;跟随某种机械的固定节奏(例如:一个节拍器)说话;或者利用挥舞手臂等身体动作来控制自己语言和音节发音时间,等等。