在《名词解释》的这一部分，你可能会惊奇地发现有很多词语其实并没有在本书中出现过。我把这些专业名词添加进来，是考虑到一些读者在语言病理学方面的知识可能还比较匮乏。这些额外添加的专业名词，常常会出现在口吃问题的相关书籍当中；而对于这些专业名词的准确意思，很多读者可能并不大了解。通过阅读本文，这部分读者可以学习到更多的有关于口吃的知识。

为了方便各位读者进一步的查阅相关外文资料，并且最大限度的减少出错率。在名词解释这一部分，我采取了同时列出“原文解释”和“相应中文翻译”的方式，方便大家进行对照查阅。如果你在阅读的过程中，发现我的翻译有任何错误的地方，也欢迎你给我指正出来，谢谢了！

这份《名词解释》是按照相应英文术语的字母顺序排列和组织的。

在名词的具体解释当中，黑体加粗的词语表示该名词本身也是一个专业名词，在本文中你可以找到它的具体解释。

S字头部分：

  • Secondary stuttering. As opposed to primary and transitional stuttering, secondary stuttering is a hesitating or stumbling in uttering words with an awareness that this way of talking is abnormal and constitutes a difficulty; speech interruptions plus struggle and accessory behaviors, plus fear and avoidance reactions.
    第二期口吃（Secondary stuttering）：与“原始性口吃”和“过渡性口吃”不同，“第二期口吃”的患者在自身语言表达出现踌躇或结巴现象的同时，他在内心也明白这种说话方式是不正常的，会给自己带来麻烦，会给自己造成困扰；“第二期口吃”可以看作是：语言表达的反常中断，加上挣扎和附加行为，再加上恐惧感和逃避反应。
  • Secondary symptoms. The abnormal actions, behaviors and positions exhibited by a stutterer in trying to escape speech difficulty. These include movements such as eye blinks, arm swinging, grimaces, head and body jerks, finger snapping, clearing the throat, and hand tapping, etc. These refer to the movements which a stutterer characteristically and abnormally uses when approaching and escaping from a feared word and when struggling to release himself from the moment of stuttering. (See accessory behaviors.)
    第二症状（Secondary symptoms）：这指的是当一名口吃者尽力去摆脱口吃困难时，他所展现出的不正常的反应、行为和身体姿态。这包括了诸如眨眼，挥舞手臂，做鬼脸，脑袋和身体抽搐，咬手指，清喉咙，拍手，等等。这是当一名口吃者在说话过程中，他迫近或摆脱某个恐惧性词语时，或者是挣扎着从口吃中解脱时，他所具有的特征性的反常动作。
  • Semantics. The scientific study of word meanings.
    语义学（semantics）：指的是对词语意思的科学性研究。
  • Sensitivity. In the case of stutterers, usually refers to the tendency toward being easily upset, embarrassed or otherwise easily affected. Feelings of hvpersensitivity may relate to both speech and non speech parameters.
    敏感（Sensitivity）：在口吃者的个案中，这通常指的是某个人具有容易变得心烦意乱，困窘，或容易处于其他心理状态的趋势。过度敏感的情感可能与语言表达因素和非语言表达因素都有关系。
  • Situational fears. Concerns regarding certain places or events in which the speaker expects to have increased stuttering difficulty.
    环境恐惧（Situational fears）：这指的是口吃者处于某种特定的地方或事件中，预感到自己可能会口吃得更加厉害的顾虑和担忧。
  • Slide. Uttering the different sounds of a syllable with prolonged, slow motion transitions: moving slowly through the syllable or word. In the slide technique the stutterer prolongs slightly the initial sound and the transition to the rest of the word, keeping the release as smooth and gradual as possible, and maintain¬ing sound throughout.
    滑动（Slide）：这指的是用一种拖长的，缓慢过渡的方式发出一个音节中的各个语音：缓慢地移动穿过那些音节或词语。在使用滑动技巧时，口吃者要轻轻地延长一个词的第一个音，并且以同样的方式过渡到这个词的剩余部分，要保持语音的释放要尽可能得平滑和渐变，并保持语音的连贯。
  • Spasmodic (spastic) dysphonia. Persons with spasmodic dysphonia experi¬ence intermittent blockages of phonation resulting from spasms of the adductor or abductor muscles of the larynx resulting in intermittently choked or strangled production of voice. This has been referred to as “stuttering/stammering of the vocal cords,” or “laryngeal stuttering.”
    痉挛性（间歇性）语言障碍【spasmodic (spastic) dysphonia】：患有痉挛性语言障碍的患者，会由于自身喉部的内收肌或外展肌的痉挛而体验到间歇性的发声阻塞。这种暂时性肌肉痉挛会在短时间内抑制或扼杀患者的语音产生能力。这种现象被称为“声带性口吃/结巴”，或者“喉部口吃”。
  • Speech-language pathologist. A person professionally educated in the assess¬ment, prevention and treatment of disorders of articulation, voice, language and fluency. Although terms such as speech correctionist, speech therapist and speech clinician are frequently used, the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association prefers use of the term Speech-Language Pathologist. Academic requirements include a master’s degree and the completion of the supervised clinical fellowship year following formal academic course work, and passing a national examination.
    语音语言病理学家（speech-language pathologist）：这指的是在各种语言失调症（如发声、语音、语言和语言流畅）的诊断、预防和治疗领域中，受到过专业教育和训练的一类人。虽然 “语言矫正师”，“语言治疗师”和“语言临床医生”等一类名称也在被广泛地使用，美国语音-语言-听力协会（American Speech-Language-Hearing Association，ASLHA）更推崇“语音语言病理学家”这个称谓。要获得这个称谓，必须满足以下几个条件：拥有一个硕士学位；并且在普通的学校课程结束后，还需要在他人的指导下完成一年的临床实习；最后还需要通过一项全国性的考试。
  • Speech-language pathology. The science or study of normal and disordered articulation, language, voice and fluency and their diagnosis and treatment.
    语音语言病理学（Speech-language pathology）：这指的是专注于正常的或失调的发声运动，语言，嗓音和语言流畅表达问题，以及这些问题的诊断和治疗方面的科学或科学研究。
  • Stammering. Synonymous with “stuttering.” (British usage.)
    口吃（stammering）：这个词语在英国本土常常用来代表口吃。
  • Starter. Unlike stallers and postponements, starters are used to initiate or reinitiate forward movement into an utterance. This may involve the use of a stereotypic phrase such as “well, let me see” or “you know” in order to get a “running start.”
    启动词（Starter）：与“拖延技巧”或“延迟技巧”不同，启动词被口吃者用来帮助自己说出一句话，或保持一句话能够继续地说下去。这包括使用像是“就我看来……”或“你知道……”等等口头禅来帮助自己拥有一个“良好的开头”。
  • Stress. Psychologically, an emotional and cognitive factor that causes bodily or mental tension. Physically, as associated with effort, tension or struggle.
    压力（Stress）：心理学上的压力，指的是能够造成身体上的或精神上的紧张的一种情感认知因素。生理学上的压力，是与用力，紧张或挣扎相关联的。
  • Struggle behavior. This includes a wide range of secondary or accessory behaviors performed by the stutterer in attempt to escape from a moment of stuttering. Devices used to interrupt and release, involving excessive effort, tension, changes in pitch or loudness, and escape behaviors such as head-jerks, eye-blinks, arm movements and jaw jerks, etc.
    挣扎行为（struggle behavior）：这指的是当口吃者试图从口吃过程中摆脱出来时，他所表现出的一系列广泛的第二行为或附加症状。这是口吃者用于中断口吃，释放自己的一系列手段，包括：过分地用力，绷紧，在音调或声音大小上的变化，以及诸如脑袋抽搐，眼睛乱眨，手臂挥舞和下巴抽搐之类的摆脱行为。
  • Stuttering. Stuttering is a communication disorder characterized by excessive involuntary disruptions in the smooth and rhythmic flow of speech, particularly when such disruptions consist of repetitions or prolongations of a sound or syllable, and when they are accompanied by emotions such as fear and anxiety, and behaviors such as avoidance and struggle.
    口吃（stuttering）：口吃是一种语言交流失调症。其特征是在平滑的，富有节奏的语言表达过程中出现了过多的无法自控的中断现象。特别是当这种语言表达中的中断现象是由某个音或音节的重复或拖长所组成的，并且与一些诸如恐惧和焦虑的情绪，以及诸如逃避行为和挣扎行为的行为方式相联系在一起时，我们就将其判断为口吃。
  • Stuttering pattern. In the case of the individual stutterer, refers to the particular way he experiences difficulty in talking, or the specific things he does and the order in which he does these things that interfere with his speaking; the particular sequence of reactions in his stuttering speech behavior.
    口吃方式（Stuttering pattern）：就单个口吃者而言，这指的是他所经历其语言困难的特殊方式，或是他所展现的干扰其语言表达的特殊行为，或是实施这些行为的顺序；也可以理解为某个口吃者自身的口吃行为中的各种反应动作的独特的出现次序。
  • Syllable. A unit of spoken language consisting of a vowel, usually with one or more consonant sounds preceding and/or following it; v, vc, cv, cvc, ccvc, etc. (i.e., v= vowel c=consonant.)
    音节（Syllable）：这是口头表达语言的一种单位，由一个元音，通常在其前面或后面再加上一个或几个辅音所组成；它的类型包括：V、VC、CV、CVC、CCVC，等等。（注：V代表元音，C代表辅音）

欢迎你将本文推荐给其它口吃者！
转载时请注明：转载自口吃百科全书 [ http://www.okoci.com/ ]
本文链接地址：http://www.okoci.com/2007/04/kou-chi-zi-wo-zhi-liao-ming-ci-s/

相关的口吃文章